Literature Review Nami Is A Not For Profit Organization

Literature Review NAMI is a not-for-profit organization that seeks to change the image of mental illness and advance the care and treatments they receive. It was formed to change to public and professional views on the issue. The main focus is to destigmatize the diseases of the mind and change the characterizations of the mentally ill from negative to positive. It was founded in 1979 because the mentally ill have been historically been misunderstood. In the three decades that it has been in place they have found a spot on both the public and governmental level. NAMI and other advocates created a film in 2002, A Beautiful Mind, which won an academy award for best picture. The organization is commonly known as the primary facilitator of this image to change the views on mental illness. NAMI created a group called StigmaBusters, their job was to fight and end the hurtful things being said about mental illness. In 1999 there was a peak of articles about stigma and mental illness, 92. T his goes to show that with the growth of information about the issue the more the image of mental illness is changed (Vaughan and Arsneault, 2008 p. 411-426). Burland of NAMI and Nemec of BU (2007) wrote an article about NAMI training. A need for radical change needs to occur and NAMI knows just the thing to do it. They designed different kinds of educational training programs to aid and support families that need the help. The programs were called the NAMI family to family education program,Show MoreRelatedLiterature Review : Nami Is A Not For Profit Organization1832 Words   |  8 PagesLiterature Review NAMI is a not-for-profit organization that seeks to change the image of mental illness and advance the care and treatments that they can receive. It was formed to change to public and professional views on the issue. The main focus is changing the characterizations of the mentally ill from negative to positive. It was founded in 1979 because the mentally ill have been historically misunderstood. In the three decades that it has been in place they have found a spot on both the

Advanced Organizational Behavior Free Essays

Change can not be avoided because of the competition that is there today in the world of business. Businesses cannot survive without changing their strategies, products, policies, etc. according to the time and situation. We will write a custom essay sample on Advanced Organizational Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, changing anything about an organization requires a lot of planning. This is why it is necessary that a systemized method is followed when a change is being implemented as this decreases the chances of making faulty decisions. This paper aims to present a change model that I believe is ideal for every type of organization and will surely produce the positive outcomes of change. Discussion A change model is a systemized process of implementing change in a business. Change is very crucial for every type of organization because this facilitates the organization into making better decisions. Therefore, we need a step-by-step process which leaves no room for errors or misjudgments in the entire sensitive process of implementing change. There is not a fixed ‘change model’ since the nature of changes that take place also differ. This is the reason why different change models are use by organizations and they handle it differently. The change model developed in this paper consists of nine steps. This model has been selected as my change agent because this model takes into consideration each and every step of the change process from accepting the need for change to document the process and conclusions. It is very detailed and discusses every aspect of the change process which leaves a very low chance of making faulty judgments at any stage. The management and leadership can support the change model discussed by trusting the team selected for the change process with all necessary decision making. It could delegate the team members with maximum work. The input on the part of management could include ensuring that the team does not ignore any values of the organization in the entire change process by monitoring every step. The input on part of the employees and the staff which would support the change model involves them to be ready to accept the changes in operations that would be the result of the change process. It can be supportive during the entire change process by being less resistant to change and innovation. They must be motivated and must trust the process carried out by the change process team. The eight steps change model is as following. Accepting that there is a Need for Change The first step to effectively implement a change is to always accept the fact that there is a need for change. This step involves creating awareness of the need for change among anyone and everyone related to the change that is occurring (Change Management Learning Center, 2008). This step helps build the energy needed to do something. It makes an organization realize the need to take action and motivates it to be strong. This strength and motivation is very necessary as change is a big step and every member of the organization must be able to handle it. Usually various groups within an organization are not willing to accept change because this means switching from the everyday routine. This step also makes all those who are not willing to accept change ready for implementation of change. This step is the fuel needed to ignite the process of implementing change (Koberg and Bagnall, 2003). There is not much action involved in the step of accepting that there is a need for change. The organization must inform everyone related to this about the need to change and that something needs to be done about it. The organization at this point must ask itself what change is needed and why? Creating a Guiding Coalition Once the need for change has been accepted, the organization must move to the next step of creating a team that will guide the entire organization towards achieving this goal (Kotter, 1996). There must a team that is responsible for this as such a team would plan the process of change and ensure that the organization is moving towards its goals and everything is going as it was planned initially. The organization must ensure that the people selected for the team are ideal for the situation. These people must be committed to the change process and must have the right skills necessary for the process. This team will develop the entire change process from planning to evaluation therefore whatever the team members decide will determine the fate of the company. The team members must have the skills to carry out this process in the most efficient and careful manner. Defining the Need Once the need for change has been realized within the organization and a team has been selected which be responsible for implementing the change within the organization, the need for change must be defined. This process is absolutely necessary because in order to effectively deal with a situation, one needs to have full knowledge about what exactly one is dealing with. Without knowing this, the team responsible for implementing the change will never be able to approach the change with the most effective strategy. Consequently, the third step is defining the problem. This step involves identifying what needs to be change and why? It must also recognize what will be accomplished once the change is executed and everyone’s role in the entire process. Generating a Range of Approaches The next step involves coming up with a range of strategies that can be used to work out change. It is not sensible to concentrate on only one approach as this could lead to flawed judgments. The change process team must consider all the possible approaches before it decides on which one is the most effective as this will increase the probability of the team selecting the most effective strategy. In this step, a range of possible solutions must be generated and all of them will be considered. Selecting the Appropriate Approach After all the approaches have been generated, each approach’s pros and cons will be evaluated separately. This evaluation will help the organization prioritize the solutions according to their effectiveness. The organization will consider each one approach and will look into the cost benefit analysis of each one. It will consider how each approach will help them and what will be its drawbacks. Once this is done, whichever approach seems the most effective will be selected by the team. The criteria necessary for an approach to be appropriate largely depends on the situation, but generally, the approach must be practical, manageable, long term and of course relevant to the situation. The selected approach will then be applied to implement the change process. Implementing the Approach This step is the most important step in the entire problem solving process because this is actually where the change is implemented. The fact that implementing change is very sensitive has already been established and this is why this step of implementing the approach is very crucial. As a result, the change process team needs to be patient during this step which is applying the solution. A sensible approach to implementation could be to plan the approach in extensive detail before hand in order to avoid any kind of mess ups. Collecting Data Regarding the Implementation Result The next step is to collect data related to the implementation of the change approach. This data depends on the situation but in a case where the change was made in the marketing strategy, the data would be change in sales as a result of that change. Another example of data collected at this stage would be if the production process was changed, the data would be regarding the change in productivity as a result of the approach of the result used. This data will be used by the organization in the following steps. How to cite Advanced Organizational Behavior, Papers

Essays on Suicide and the Immortality of the Soul

Question: Explain about the Essay How are values established according to Hume? What human characteristics does he privilege in determining a value system and how do they inform our morality? How are they related to Utility and Justice? Are you convinced by his characterization of society? Explain your position? Answer: Introduction: David Hume in his book An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals has made an effort to find out the basic principles relating to ethics and the general rules of values and morals. By doing so, the writer has created a paper based on general moral by keeping the perception of human nature. The researcher now makes an effort to evaluate the points of the author critically and thus prepare recommendations on the views of Hume regarding the values, which are to be established and the features of a value system and their relation to justice and utility (Hume, David and John Valdimir). David Hume is reported to have written on the various subject matter, but his primary idea lies predominantly in the sphere of establishing values and the fundamental principles of morals. Developing values and morals is entirely based on the human actions. It is because man is not only based on thinking, they are also related to sociology and takes an active part in the affairs of the society. Human life is governed by moral values, and this is the primary reason that Hume selected mankind as background in making his findings on the nature and origin of the morals and values. In the book referred above, Hume made an analysis of human understanding. It was Hume's first significant publication. The importance of the book was to interpret the fundamental human morals. In the book, there were many proofs given that exercise the fact that morals of any nation are the essential key to establishing core values. Hume's idea of morals helps us to develop the essential features of morals. One of the significant findings that Hume made is the difference between logic and ethics. Logic clearly depicts human beings as thinking creature, but ethics and morals concern humans as social beings (Hume, David, and Tom L. Beauchamp). Hume primarily established the values that logic is based on thinking and power of reasoning and its basic function is limited to ascertaining certain facts. On the other hand, morals are primarily based on the idea of establishing values, and it extends way above the point of merely depending only on facts. According to Hume, moral ideology is characterized by the confusion and misunderstanding of the concepts of logic and ethics. The process of establishing facts or logic is widely different from the mechanism of establishing values and morals. One of the basic reasons of Hume for considering that establishment of values are based on feelings and not on intellect is that people perform any action due to their willingness and feelings. In the preferr ed book, Hume related his scratching of a finger to the destruction of the world. This is because he wanted to highlight the fact that like moral obligations, preferences also comes from human desires and not from facts only. Throughout his findings, Hume used the empirical methodology. So, Hume found that values are established by mere simple sense impressions and not from the evaluation of facts. In determining the value system, Hume has made several recommendations on human characteristics. According to Mind theory of Hume, determining human, the value system depends on human passion which includes human emotions, feelings and desires. The true passion includes joy, grief, hope and fear that arise from good and bad things or sufferings or pleasure. However, indirect passion involves human pride, shyness, hatred and affection in a complex manner. Hume further proclaims that the factors of indirect passion are not directly responsible for the establishment of an efficient value system. Any value system must recognize the difference between the fact realm and moral realm. The source from which facts are determined is sense experience. On the contrary, values of any kind depend only on feelings. Sense experience can usually be considered as having the meaning in the case of every person. The basic human characteristics in establishing value system are feelings which are personal and private in nature. In addition to it, persons may vary in their feelings in any matter. Opinions regarding any particular circumstances or issues differ from one person to another. The empirical method of study which is adopted by Hume begins with the enquiry of the actions which is approved by a majority of individuals. So, the essential elements of a value system must start from the investigation of the human feelings which is the base of moral and value (Hume, David, and Tom L. Beauchamp). The word "utility" according to Hume describes a person's activities which can be used to bring about happiness and welfare to the entire nation where he belongs. The utility is the factor that matches Hume's only criteria of goodness. The emphasis that Hume has given to the principle of utility makes him a utilitarian. But it must be kept in mind that human beings are not simple creatures and their self-satisfaction is not dependent on a single theory of happiness (Hume, David). Hume was mainly committed to developing the rules of "justice". In doing so, he found that the justice rules are also connected with the moral and ethical sentiments of human beings. Hume further stated that the general rules of justice work best in a systematic plan and action. Hume deviated from the fact that people have clear access to their individual motivations. Hume disregards a rationalistic explanation of justice rule by merely depending upon his theory which is well defended by him in part I of sec tion I of the referred book that the moral differences are not emerged from reason only (Hume, David). After judging all the aspects of Hume's theory, the researcher has chosen to differ from the ideology of Hume. It is because the researcher feels that apart from the mere personal feeling, desire and preferences, facts also play a significant part in determining value system. If the blending of facts is done with the morals, then we can establish an effective and efficient value system. The researcher also chose to differ from the utilitarian principle of Hume (Hume, David). It is because Hume said that utility can be the sole reason for survival. But in the reality, it is not so. Apart from utility and happiness, human beings also require many reasons and things for survival. Utility and happiness are no doubt one of the essential need to survive but it is not an essential necessity to survive. The approach of Hume concerning utility is half-hearted. It is because he has not made the full effort to denote the reason only utility is the sole reason for the happiness of human beings. The greater difficulty of Hume's theory lies in determining what Hume meant to say by the word "Law" to describe "Justice" (Hume, David). It can be concluded that if Hume's theory is regarded as a society based justice, it cannot be made only on the mere principle of utility. According to Hume's theory, if the utility is the sole method of goods distribution in the society then utility means that what is needed for a society to continue its existence. The conclusion to Hume's theory is not a substantive theory because Hume has failed to give a formal idea of social justice. Theory of Hume clearly depicts that the justice rules are explicitly contained in the law. The main reasons for which Hume's theory can be neglected are laws of nature are descriptions or descriptive in nature. They are not common prescriptions what Hume addressed them to be in his theory. Reference List Hume, David, and John Valdimir Price.Essays on Suicide and the Immortality of the Soul. Thoemmes Press, 1992. Hume, David, and Tom L. Beauchamp.An enquiry concerning human understanding: A critical edition. Vol. 3. Oxford University Press, 2000. Hume, David, and Tom L. Beauchamp.An enquiry concerning the principles of morals: a critical edition. Vol. 4. Oxford University Press, 2006. Hume, David.A treatise of human nature. Courier Corporation, 2012. Hume, David.An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals. Start Publishing LLC, 2013. Hume, David.An inquiry concerning human understanding. Ed. Charles William Hendel. Vol. 49. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1955. Hume, David.Moral and political philosophy. Simon and Schuster, 2010.

Recycling Should Be Mandatory free essay sample

Have you ever wonder what can you do about the bottles and cans you find around you? People that don’t care about the world being clean are littering the place. It makes things very difficult to put up for. Recycling cans and bottles can help save the earth form waste and trash build up and can make new things that why recycling should be mandatory and there should be recycling cans in various locations at school and everywhere else. Recycling should be mandatory because recycling can help to keep our planet clean in many ways. First, recycling saves trees. This critical fact, one of the first environmental lessons many children learn, cannot be overstated. Half the Earths forests are gone, and up to 95 percent of the original forest area in the U. S. has been cut down. In addition, recycling protects wildlife habitat and biodiversity. Using recycled materials reduces the need to chop down, extract, process, refine and transport natural resources such as timber, crude petroleum and mineral ores. We will write a custom essay sample on Recycling Should Be Mandatory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As a result, destruction of forests, wetlands, rivers and other places essential to wildlife is also reduced. One more fact, that recycling lowers the use of toxic chemicals. Making products from already refined waste materials reduces and often avoids altogether the need for manufacturers to use toxic chemicals, essential when using virgin materials. Recycling helps curb climate change . Using recycled materials cuts down on the energy used in the manufacturing process, dramatically reducing emissions of greenhouse gases and other air pollutants. Recycling stems the flow of water pollution. Making goods from recycled materials generates far less water pollution than manufacturing from virgin materials. Turning trees into paper uses more water than any other industrial process in the U. S. , dumping billions of gallons of wastewater contaminated with pollutants such as chlorinated dioxin each year into rivers, lakes and streams. Paper recycling mills do not pollute the water nearly as much, and usually use less of it. In addition, some recycling plants use treated wastewater for the manufacturing process. I think that recycling is giving back to the resource pool of the planet. Each item has energy. When you recycle, the energy is reused. If you do not recycle, e. g. a drinks can, that energy that could be had is lost, and so more energy must be expended to make more. I believe that if you wish to continue living on the planet comfortably, recycling is not optional. In time to come we will look back and think it crazy that we did not recycle everything. If something cannot be recycled, it should not even be made!

Human Intelligence Review Essay

Human Intelligence Review Essay Human Intelligence Review Essay Example Human Intelligence Review Essay Example Intelligence is a controversial phenomenon that is widely discussed throughout human history. This concept is extremely debatable because till nowadays the researchers have not succeeded in estimating the origin, methods of measurement, and other characteristics of intelligence. In other words, specialists in different spheres of science disagree whether it is an inborn feature and whether it varies by different ethnicities and races. Moreover, no one really knows if intelligence tests really measure intelligence of human beings. The given paper aims at determining, describing, and assessing the essence and nature of intelligence taking into account various perspectives. Human intelligence is usually connected with intellectual abilities or capacities of humans. This concept is based on perception, self-awareness, as well as consciousness of people. Intelligence influences the ability to learn new information, form various concepts, find solutions to problems, communicate, use language for different purposes, and think. Many researchers believe that human intelligence gives an opportunity for people to achieve various life objectives and expectations easily (Wai, 2014). The researchers differentiate various theories that describe the notion and essence of human intelligence. Besides, many experts that investigate the phenomenon of intelligence disagree if it is inherited feature or intellectual capacity that may be acquired in the course of life. The majority of theories of intelligence promote different opinions and ideas (Wai, 2014). For instance, faculty theory that explains the concept of human intelligence is considered to be the oldest one, as it was developed during the 18th and 19th centuries. According to the main idea of this scientific theory, mind of every human being consists of separate â€Å"faculties,† including imagination, memory, knowledge, and discrimination. Despite close interdependence of these faculties, each of them can be developed with the help of special trainings and techniques. However, critics of this theory claim that human intelligence is not subdivided into separate parts or, in other words, faculties (Wai, 2 014). The proponents of UNI-factor theory of intelligence believe that human intelligence is associated with common sense. Charles Spearman is the founder of two-factor theory that explains the essence and functioning of human intelligence. According to the assumptions of the English psychologist, intellectual abilities of people are usually influenced by two factors that are commonly referred to as G and S. Factor G bears responsibility for general abilities of humans. On the contrary, factor S designates specific abilities of humans. In other words, psychologists associate G-component with inborn or inherited qualities and abilities. C-component depends on environmental impacts on human intelligence. Moreover, this factor may be shaped with the help of numerous activities that stimulate brain functioning and development (Wai, 2014). It is rather important to note the fact that Thorndike’s multifactor theory of intelligence is no less popular than the previous psychological assumptions. Thorndike was deeply convinced that human intelligence should not be compared to general abilities of humans. In addition, he differentiated several attributes or components of human intelligence, including level, range, area, and, finally, speed (Pal, Pal, Tourani, 2004). Thurstone claimed that human intelligence was the combination or unity of psychological and functional factors. According to the main idea of verbal factor that was differentiated by Thurstone, ability to perform numerical calculations at high speed is the basic peculiarity of human intelligence. Besides, verbal comprehension and well-developed memory indicate comparatively high intelligence rates of humans. This professional in the spheres of psychometrics and psychophysics constructed wide range of effective intelligence tests on the basis of his own theory (Pal, Pal, Tourani, 2004). Such a well-known psychologist with worldwide recognition as J. P. Guilford developed his own structure of human intellect. He believed that human intellect consisted of several dimensions that involve content, product, and, finally, process. According to the point of view of this psychologist, every intellectual task should be analyzed on the basis of its content, required amounts of mental activities, and products resulting from these activities. Moreover, he classified such a dimension as content into five separate categories that contribute to human intellect. He supported the idea that human intellect is changed by numerous visual, mandatory, semantic, as well as behavioral and cognitive factors (Pal, Pal, Tourani, 2004). The intelligence theory established by P. E. Vernon informs that human intelligence consists of four main levels (Pal, Pal, Tourani, 2004). The British psychologist was sure that environmental and genetic factors contributed to the development of human intelligence. He believed the genes ensured an opportunity for people to inherit intelligence. According to the estimations of this researcher, above 60% of human intelligence rates are influenced by genetic factors. In addition, he claimed that intelligence rates varied among various racial groups and ethnicities. R. Cattell, American psychologists and researcher who worked in the sphere of empirical psychology, founded â€Å"crystallized theory† of human intelligence. Taking into account the nature of this theory, genetic potentiality impacts the intelligence capacity. The researcher emphasized that his â€Å"crystallized theory† provided convincing arguments that past as well as new experiences influenced the intellig ence rates of humans (Pal, Pal, Tourani, 2004). Howard Gardner is the author of multiple intelligence theory (Pal, Pal, Tourani, 2004). Theory represented by this psychologist states that human intelligence is shaped by such factors as language, spatial representation, musical type of thinking, and even bodily language. Furthermore, the researcher claimed that educational system was extremely biased because it oriented on equal intelligence abilities and capacities of humans. On the contrary, the psychologist stated that human intelligence was not a universal measure that is equal among various people. He claimed that visual as well as spatial factors, appropriate use of kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal relations, linguistics, and, finally, logical thinking positively impact the rates of human intelligence. Howard Gardner is a proponent of the theory that there are seven types of intelligence that are typical to various people. According to the main idea of this psychologist, some people possess the characteristics o f visual and special intelligence. According to this intelligence, people are increasingly aware of their surrounding and environment. Verbal as well as physical imagery is typical to individuals that have this type of intelligence. Taking into account the second kind of intelligence, differentiated by H. Gardner, people are extremely good at using their body language (Pal, Pal, Tourani, 2004). They effectively communicate not only with the help of language, but with their body movements as well. This type of intelligence requires for further development real objects, compared to the visual-spatial intelligence â€Å"owners† who rely on diverse graphs, charts, pictures, videos, and other efficient tools. Musical intelligence is a considerably widespread type of intellectual capacity of humans that is based on increased sensitivity to sounds and rhythms. Individuals that have musical intelligence are very sensitive to musical sounds and noises that surround them. The psychologist claimed that the most effective tools that contribute to development of musical intelligence of people are various musical instruments, music channels on TV and radio (Pal, Pal, Tourani, 2004). Interpersonal intelligence focuses on socializing, cooperation, and interactions with other people. Despite well-developed intuition, motivation, and very strong will, the â€Å"owners† of this intellectual capacity are sometimes shy and unconfident in their strengths. In the majority of cases, learners of interpersonal intelligence who are in tune with their emotions and inner feelings rely on independent study and privacy. Such tools as books and writings are beneficial for the development of their intellectual abilities (Pal, Pal, Tourani, 2004). On the contrary, intrapersonal intelligence deals with profound and accurate understanding of someone’s goals and intentions. This type of intelligence, as compared to interpersonal one, rarely involves group activities, dialogues, and other entertainments. It is important to note that such people are the most independent learners that do not like team work and activities. Linguistic intelligence is based on efficient use of vocabulary. Learners of this intelligence are characterized by well-developed auditory skills that give them opportunities to think in words. Finally, logical-mathematical intelligence, according to the classification of Gardner, is connected with calculating and reasoning. The learners who want to develop this unique ability of a human intellect should solve complicated puzzles, experiments, and games that require logical thinking. Thus, according to the main idea of multiple intelligence theory, all people are intelligent in different â€Å"spheres of i ntelligence,† as there are several basic types of human intelligence, including linguistic, logical, special, as well as motor, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and, finally, naturalistic intelligence (Pal, Pal, Tourani, 2004). R. J. Sternberg is the founder of triarchic intelligence theory. According to the estimations of this researcher, human intelligence consists of three main types, including analytical, creative, and practical subcategories. American psychologist claimed that analytical intelligence was connected with academic abilities of people. This type of intellectual capacity provides an opportunity for humans to solve problems, think, and acquire new knowledge. Well-developed problem-solving skills contribute to generation of quick and accurate solutions to complex tasks (Pal, Pal, Tourani, 2004). Taking into account the nature of creative intelligence, it should be stressed that this intellectual capacity is defined by the researcher as the ability to adapt to novel situations and even get profits from new experiences. Finally, practical intelligence of humans may be commonly referred to as â€Å"street smarts.† Practical intelligence ensures an opportunity for people to adapt to the d emands of changing environment. For instance, practical intelligence helps the newcomers to adapt to the expectations of employers and behavior of other employees (Pal, Pal, Tourani, 2004). Human intelligence has become the main target of molecular genetics not long ago. Even nowadays numerous researchers make attempts in order to estimate if genes are responsible for heritability of human intelligence (Plomin Deary, 2014). With the help of high level of IQ, many people succeed in education, occupation, as well as physical and mental health or well-being. Heritability of intelligence is not a myth, but a reality which is supported by numerous convincing arguments. According to the results of statistics provided by the neuroscientists, heritability of intelligence may occur either in the period of infancy or in late adulthood. Such an innovative technique in the sphere of genetics as Genome-Wide Complex Trait Analysis proves that genes transmit not only physical traits, but intelligence that impacts social mobility, education, mortality rates, and functioning of a human brain. The notion of intelligence is incredibly significant from scientific and social perspectives. For instance, taking into account scientific point of view, intelligence deals with brain functioning and structure which impacts the increase or decline of cognitive skills and brain functioning. Socially, human intelligence is one of the most influential predicators of human success or failures in education and career. Besides, psychologists have proven that higher intelligence is a guarantee of strong physical and mental health of humans (Plomin Deary, 2014). Recent genetic studies of intelligence prove that genes influence cognitive abilities and brain functioning of humans. For example, such intelligence components as spatial ability, speed of information processing, vocabulary, memory capabilities, and executive functions are inheritable features. Besides, genes may impact not only spatial relationships and vocabulary, but numerous learning capabilities that are directly associated with education, such as reading and arithmetic. Many proponents of the heritability of genes assure that human intelligence may be compared to so-called â€Å"slave† of the genes (Plomin Deary, 2014). However, despite popularity of the theory that genes transmit intelligence, a lot of professionals in the sphere of psychology and genetics assure that intelligence has nothing in common with genes (Plomin Deary, 2014). In simple words, no one is born with low intelligence rates. Genes have the power to define the scope or the framework of human intelligence. In fact, genes may only define the maximum intelligence rate that every person can achieve. According to numerous scientific investigations conducted by the British researcher Burton, more than 50 % of human intelligence depends of environmental pressure. The highest level of human intelligence is the environment where people grow up, study, work, and spend their free time. Education and teaching outweigh genetic influences. Family and peer groups are considered to be the most influential factors that shape human intelligence. For instance, a number of studies that investigated parental influences on intelligence of their child ren prove that families bears full responsibility for academic achievements of their children. Many psychologists recommend parents to praise their children for their success, because this behavior contributes to high intelligence scores of children in the future (Plomin Deary, 2014). Furthermore, taking into account the essence of incremental theory, human intelligence can be improved with the help of efforts and trainings. Parents who teach their children to develop love for learning have to be sure that this practice contributes to future academic successes of their children. On the contrary, indifferent and apathetic parents that do not make efforts to educate their children since the early age should not expect that their children will get high intelligence scores in the future (Plomin Deary, 2014). According to the assumptions of many psychologists, peer group associations shape intelligence of people no less than parents. Series of experiments with participation of females prove that prejudice, bias, and generalization influence academic success and intelligent scores of women. For instance, women that were told that they performed worse at chess than males really failed the game. In addition, women who were told that males were always good at Mathematics, Physics, and Chemistry because of genetic and biological factors performed badly during the tests. These experiments provide convincing data that stereotype threat impacts intelligence of people. The same experiments were conducted among the blacks and whites, and the results were the same (Nisbett et al., 2012). Moreover, the researchers have managed to estimate that adopted children have similar intelligence scores to their adoptive parents. Biologically related children that were brought up and educated within the same fa mily are also characterized by very common intelligence rates. On the contrary, such â€Å"deprived environments† as orphanages, isolation, and extreme poverty contribute to considerable decline of intelligence rates. However, in case children abandon these â€Å"deprived environments† and become the part of â€Å"enriched families and communities,† their intelligence drastically increases. These studies and scientific investigations prove that human intelligence is not a matter of genes, as parents and peer groups form the â€Å"intelligence basis† of every child (Nisbett et al., 2012). Education and trainings also influence the IQ scores of humans. The researchers suppose that education may predict possible educational attainments and successes. Intelligence of humans may predict successes and attainments of children during some stressful situations, especially at examinations and tests. Intelligence is closely intertwined with education, because results of scientific experiments prove that intelligence of people drastically decreases during the period of summer breaks. These arguments that refute heritability of human intelligence prove that education influences intelligence only in a positive way. Intelligence is influenced by numerous biological factors that involve nutrition, maternal age, stress, etc. (Nisbett et al., 2012). Close interconnection among races and intelligence scores has been a controversial subject since the beginning of the 20th century. Taking into consideration the historical perspective, the first intelligence tests that were aimed to manifest the difference of scores between various population groups were conducted after the period of the World War I (Nisbett et al., 2012). For example, within the 20th century, many psychologists claimed that innate biological differences were the key factors that explained inferiority of some nationalities. According to the research results, people with the highest IQ rates live in the developed Western and Asian countries. On the contrary, to the list of the least developed countries with lowest rates of human intelligence are included races and nationalities of Africa and Latin America. Recent scientific study that has compared intelligence scores in more than 20 countries around the globe provides information that IQ rate among Asian Americans is equal to 106. Among African-American people, the average rate of human intelligence constitutes 89. Finally, on the territory of Japan the IQ score is equal to 110. However, the proponents of the theory that race influences intelligence state that similar studies are biased and prejudiced because human intelligence has nothing in common with color of skin or other features that are peculiar to people on different continents (Nisbett et al., 2012). As a result, having determined and analyzed the nature of human intelligence, main IQ theories, and factors that shape intellectual capacities of humans, it is possible to summarize that the notion of human intelligence has remained a debatable and subjective issue that cannot be explained and understood with help of theories that are available in abundance. In general, intelligence is significant because it impacts successes of humans in personal life, education, career, physical health, and mental welfare. Parental care, education, peer group associations, and some biological factors influence the raise and decline of human intelligence. Finally, it is rather important to note that human intelligence has remained an open question till nowadays, as the researchers cannot find convincing arguments that would either prove or refute the connection of intelligence to race, age, and inheritability.

Prehistoric Life During the Pleistocene Epoch

Prehistoric Life During the Pleistocene Epoch The Pleistocene epoch represented the culmination of 200 million years of mammalian evolution, as bears, lions, armadillos, and even wombats grew to bizarrely large sizesand then went extinct due to climate change and human predation. The Pleistocene is the last named epoch of the Cenozoic Era (65 million years ago to the present)Â  and is the first epoch of the Quaternary period, which continues to this day. (Up to the year 2009, when paleontologists agreed on a change, the Pleistocene officially began 1.8 million rather than 2.6 million years ago.) Climate and Geography The end of the Pleistocene epoch (20,000 to 12,000 years ago) was marked by a global ice age, which led to the extinction of many megafauna mammals. What most people dont know is that this capitalized Ice Age was the last of no less than 11 Pleistocene ice ages, interspersed with more temperate intervals called interglacials. During these periods, much of North America and Eurasia was covered by ice, and ocean levels plummeted by hundreds of feet (due to the freezing of available water at and near the poles). Terrestrial Life Mammals: The dozen or so ice ages of the Pleistocene epoch wreaked havoc on megafauna mammals, the largest examples of which were simply unable to find enough food to sustain their populations. Conditions were especially severe in North and South America and Eurasia, where the late Pleistocene witnessed the extinction of Smilodon (the Saber-Toothed Tiger), the Woolly Mammoth, the Giant Short-Faced Bear, Glyptodon (the Giant Armadillo), and Megatherium (the Giant Sloth). Camels disappeared from North America, as did horses, which were only reintroduced to this continent during historical times, by Spanish settlers. From the perspective of modern humans, the most important development of the Pleistocene epoch was the continuing evolution of hominid apes. At the start of the Pleistocene, Paranthropus and Australopithecus were still extant; a population of the latter most likely spawned Homo erectus, which itself competed with Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis) in Europe and Asia. By the end of the Pleistocene, Homo sapiens had appeared and spread around the globe, helping to hasten the extinction of the megafauna mammals that these early humans either hunted for food or eliminated for their own safety. Birds: During the Pleistocene epoch, bird species continued to flourish around the globe, inhabiting various ecological niches. Sadly, the giant, flightless birds of Australia and New Zealand, such as Dinornis (the Giant Moa) and Dromornis (the Thunder Bird), quickly succumbed to predation by human settlers. Some Pleistocene birds, like the Dodo and the Passenger Pigeon, managed to survive well into historical times. Reptiles: As with birds, the big reptile story of the Pleistocene epoch was the extinction of oversized species in Australia and New Zealand, most notably the giant monitor lizard Megalania (which weighed up to two tons) and the giant turtle Meiolania (which only weighed half a ton). Like their cousins around the globe, these giant reptiles were doomed by a combination of climate change and predation by early humans. Marine Life The Pleistocene epoch witnessed the final extinction of the giant shark Megalodon, which had been the top predator of the oceans for millions of years; otherwise, though, this was a relatively uneventful time in the evolution of fish, sharks, and marine mammals. One notable pinniped that appeared on the scene during the Pleistocene was Hydrodamalis (aka Stellers Sea Cow), a 10-ton behemoth that only went extinct 200 years ago. Plant Life There were no major plant innovations during the Pleistocene epoch; rather, during these two million years, grasses and trees were at the mercy of intermittently plunging and rising temperatures. As during preceding epochs, tropical jungles and rainforests were confined to the equator, with deciduous forests and barren tundra and grasslands dominating northern and southern regions.

Outline, Thesis, and Introduction Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Outline, Thesis, and Introduction - Coursework Example Review of Literature – evaluates and summarizes relevant information from the identified secondary sources regarding legalization of marijuana in the United States. Findings – stipulates highlights of findings from secondary sources and from interviews Recommendations Conclusion References Introduction The use of marijuana as a medical tool has been subject to controversy with regards to the benefits and costs to the users and to society. Various researches have supported its use for medical purposes and interviews with patients have validated preferences to its use in contrast to the traditional medications. Contemporary statistics have revealed that there are currently 16 states plus Washington, DC that have enacted laws legalizing the use of marijuana for medical purposes, of which California, has been listed among its roster since 1996 (ProCon, 2011). The current research aims to proffer issues and concerns regarding the legalization of marijuana for medical purpose s.

Effect of Cultural Shock and Cultural Adjustment on International Essay

Effect of Cultural Shock and Cultural Adjustment on International Mobility - Essay Example The movement of people between and within countries has been noted to be on the rise especially with the increased globalisation. In some countries, the number of foreigners could be exceptionally high such as in the Gulf countries where Furnham (2010) notes that foreign workers comprise about 75% of the total semi-permanent population. Business people, students, missionaries, volunteers and asylum seekers among other groups of people would become temporary or permanent sojourning expatriates in foreign countries more often. These people face a myriad of challenges when in a new environment. In the context of this paper, focus would be on the educational sector and how cultural shock affects international mobility. Most universities have more than a third of the students classified as foreign or international, an observation that continues to take prominence even in other lower institutions of learning (Akhtar & Bo 2010). Various push and pull factors inform on the increase in migrations: leisure, to proselytise or to trade, among others. Some move so as to escape the difficult conditions back in their homelands whereas others would be attracted to specific places. They could face persecution due to their political or religious stands and therefore seek asylum or refuge. Others would move due to employment opportunities as well paying jobs attract them or education, attracted by the superior education systems. Furnham (2010) observed that American universities, for instance, have over half a million of the international students. The US is said to offer the greatest opportunity for higher education for international students globally.... Cultural Shock With the world continuously shrinking due to globalisation, researchers have been keen to study the characteristics of expatriates who succeed in foreign countries. Analysing various research studies tackling this issue, Furnham found out that majority of the researchers concur on the importance of social skills and uses the term â€Å"cultural intelligence† to refer to the â€Å"blend of social and emotional intelligence, reflecting sensitivity to and ability to manage people’s beliefs, behaviours and motivation in culturally diverse settings† (2010, p. 28). The social identity theory explains one’s social self which borrows from being a member of a group. Further, the social identity concept argues on a combination of one’s knowledge of being a member of a social group and the associated value or emotional component (Terry et al. 2006). But it has been noted that most expatriates fail in their assignments in foreign countries becaus e of cultural differences (Yue & Le 2012). As such, those who develop the ability to quickly adjust and acquire intercultural competencies would have a competitive advantage. Those who take long in cultural shock could be greatly disadvantaged. Coined by the anthropologist Kalervo Oberg in 1960, the term cultural shock refers to an affective disturbance resulting from an interaction of one’s conceptualisations and realities. According to Miller, Matveeva and Nekrassova (2011), cultural shock results from an individual’s psychological expectations not conforming to the new cultural setting. Individual management in a foreign country could cause one frustration, depression and homesickness. Cultural shock

Information Communication Technology Ethics Essay Example for Free

Information Communication Technology Ethics Essay Reflection (1) Philosophy Ethics; â€Å"allows us to breakout of prejudices and harmful habits that we held since we were too young or too naà ¯ve to know better†. Also allows us to see and appreciate other views of the world and study it to see â€Å"the consequences of our views†, because what we think know might not be right â€Å"inconsistent†. What is Ethics? â€Å"Ethics deals with what we should and should not do, what acts are â€Å"good† and â€Å"wrong† â€Å". Ethics in my point of view is a very crucial yet sensitive controversial topic (Fluffy?). As humans there are defiantly dos and don’ts since the day of our birth, but since this is molded and inferred by ones culture, community, circumstances. These rules tend to change from one place to another (region, family culture, religion), also from times to others (eras). It is important to have ethics in our lives to co-exist as humans and have predictable consequences. The difficult part is the sensitive part, where the people are not open enough for change, sometimes not open minded enough for simply discussing their ethics, believes or their code of life, and just want to impose believes, culture, any form of ethics on others who don’t want to follow (you can’t please everyone when it comes to ethics). I personally follow somewhat a mixture of Deontological, virtue Ethics. Reflection (2) There is a difference between your molarity and your professional morality, where your morality doesn’t it always corresponds to the morality that your profession dictates. On the other hand the reason that a person would chooses a certain profession is because of its attractive value system that matches his/her morality and values, but it’s not always the case as discussed in class some people have the ability to switch entirely between their personal and professional lives, and some might be put in a position that opposes their morality and they are fully responsible for their actions and fully aware of the consequences that might follow. Ethics in information communication technology discipline is quite new, mainly because the major advancement in this system is fairly new as well, where it’s constantly changing and developing. The discipline now also occupied a huge rule in our daily lives, where we are almost always in contact with technology from the moment we wake up till the moment we sleep. Digital media significantly now alters our ethical responsibility on one another, because now we live in the digital world â€Å"we can’t assume that our ways work for everyone†, since the world not too long ago wasn’t that close, actions and data didn’t travel that fast, people and cultural ethics were preserved and rarely affected. In the meantime now data is flying everywhere the once local is now global in minutes maybe seconds and it’s just too soon unstudied cultural shocks and misunderstanding occur more often, but with this misunderstanding with the right people is corrected for good and others misconceived for good. By these experiences some therefore ethically knowing the cultural difference would tend to rethink before doing something offensive or controversial to avoid troubles. Reflections (3) Privacy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ we are our data† I do believe that. I also believe that if we are our data we can’t be denied the freedom of using, sharing or hiding it, because it’s a part of you. In this era of computer technology our data can be our thoughts regardless it might be moral or not it still belong to us, where in any other age than ours, it would have been kept the way you choose it to be, but now you can’t help but to feel stalked or judged. The floating â€Å"malleable† â€Å"greased† data privacy is a two edged sword, it can protect from evil and can cause evil and misfortune. And since evil and misfortune always exists and always will, the way it was before is known, which the freedom of our privacy choices is and that is because it will at least control one known evil which is this data misuse. Reflections (4) Intellectual freedom is a basic human right for all humans of all cultures and believes. This freedom has to be respected and protected universally. Furthermore I believe even if this is a basic human right, it must not be abused, and that’s where ethics and morality acts in, because even though you are entitled to your own opinion the person must bear in mind that words are very powerful and can do harm. The controversy between censorship and intellectual freedom, where one of the requirements of intellectual freedom to be fulfilled is that â€Å"the society makes an equal commitment to the right of unrestricted access to information and ideas regardless of the communication medium used, the content of the work/and the viewpoints of both the author and receiver of information.†

What a Home Really is in The House on Mango Street Essay -- The House

What a Home Really is in The House on Mango Street â€Å"Home is where the heart is.† In The House on Mango Street, Sandra Cisneros develops this famous statement to depict what a â€Å"home† really represents. What is a home? Is it a house with four walls and a roof, the neighborhood of kids while growing up, or a unique Cleaver household where everything is perfect and no problems arise? According to Cisneros, we all have our own home with which we identify; however, we cannot always go back to the environment we once considered our dwelling place. The home, which is characterized by who we are, and determined by how we view ourselves, is what makes every individual unique. A home is a personality, a depiction of who we are inside and how we grow through our life experiences. In her personal, Cisneros depicts Esperanza Cordero’s coming-of-age through a series of vignettes about her family, neighborhood, and personalized dreams. Although the novel does not follow a traditional chronological pattern, a sto ry emerges, nevertheless, of Esperanza’s search to discover the meaning of her life and her personal identity. The novel begins when the Cordero family moves into a new house, the first they have ever owned, on Mango Street in the Latino section of Chicago. Esperanza is disappointed by the â€Å"small and red† house â€Å"with tight steps in front and bricks crumbling in places† (5). It is not at all the dream-house her parents had always talked about, nor is it the house on a hill that Esperanza vows to one day own for herself. Despite its location in a rough neighborhood and difficult lifestyle, Mango Street is the place with which she identifies at this time in her life. While growing up on Mango Street, Esperanza is not on... ..., â€Å"Mango says goodbye sometimes. She does not hold me with both arms. She sets me free† (134). Although Esperanza is constantly reaffirming that she wants to move away from Mango Street, we know by the end novel that she will one day return to help those who will not have the opportunities Esperanza has had in her life. Indeed, in the closing pages Esperanza admits that she cannot escape Mango Street. She can never again call it home, but it has influenced her dreams, formed her personality, and she has learned valuable life lessons from its inhabitants. That is why, explains Esperanza, she tells stories about the house on Mango Street, revealing the beauty amidst dirty streets and unveiling her true inner self, the peace of knowing that her â€Å"home is where her heart is.† WORKS CITED Cisneros, Sandra. The House on Mango Street. New York: Vintage, 1989.

Customer Attitudes Toward Bmw Motorcycles Essay

This final report is the finish summary version of overall information, knowledge, and data of the marketing research under the area of BMW R1200 GS/GSA motorcycles in UK. The BMW Motorrad under the BMW group has been producing motorcycles since 1923 and has providing a variety range of motorcycle styles (bmwgroup, 2012). In addition, the model of BMW R1200 GS/GSA motorcycles is a major consideration motorcycle in adventure sport style for all bikers in UK as it was named in the top ten model of new motorcycles registration (MCIA, 2011). However, The Motorcycle Industry Association defines Adventure motorcycle as â€Å"These bikes encompass trials which similar in style to Enduro motorcycles but are predominantly designed and capable for on-road use (MCIA, 2012)†. The objective of this research paper is to discover attitudes of UK customers towards the model. To be more specific, the research paper will look into the association between brand images, quality and price perception of the current riders towards this BMW motorcycle model. Moreover, the research paper will explore customer satisfaction and the loyalty of the brand. Additionally, this research paper will determine the outstanding in product value of BMW R1200 GS/GSA that it has over its rivals in the adventure motorcycle segmentation. The paper will first provide background information of conceptual model in brand equity which would provide a basic understanding of how to measure and manage brand equity. Furthermore, the explanation in the model of satisfaction towards loyalty will be discussed. Besides, the hypothesis of the study model will be illustrated. In the next section, the method of conducting online surveys and the utilization of this technique will be discussed. Thirdly, the interpretation from the obtained data will be shown in the finding and analysis section. Finally, the conclusion of the paper will be discussed to sum up the entire research paper including limitations and ethics issues. Literature review In the book, Managing Brand Value (Aaker, 1991) has defined the term of brand equity as the connection of the name and emblems to a set of assets that would increase the value of the company’s products or services. In addition, during the customers buying decision process (McKinsey 1996) has found in his research that brands affect 18 percent of total purchase decisions. Therefore, these can be indicated that branding act as one of the significant factors towards customers purchasing. However, the suggestion from (Keller, 2003) stated that the power of a brand would remain in customers ‘mind together with their perceived experiences and they will learn about the brand over time. Hence, there is the development process of strengthen the brand of a company. The figure (2) illustrates the framework of brand equity from (Keller, 2003). Figure 2 Brand Equity Framework Source: Keller, K (2003). Building, Measuring and Managing Brand Equity. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall The framework provides 4 steps that involved in building a strong brand however, the hierarchy of brand equity determine that in order to move up in each level, there is a requirement from the successful of the previous one. The first level, companies have to set up a brand identity which will imply brand silence and would lead customers to aware the brand (Keller, 2003). The next step is to create an appropriated brand meaning involve either performance or imagery that related to the brand (Keller, 2003). Thirdly, it is a significant to response the judgments and feelings (opinion, evaluation and emotional) from the customers to gain brand attitudes in customers point of view (Keller, 2003). Lastly, the companies need to create a brand resonance by trying to minimize the gap between what companies think and what customers think via communication tools that would permeate put the brand into consumers’ mind, resulting in a good relationship with them (Keller, 2003). However, after building the strong brand equity, (Keller, 2003) has claimed that brand loyalty would appear to be one of the benefits to the brand. On the other hand, most companies consider the customers to be one of the significant keys to make the company successful. Therefore, (Erdem & Swait, 2004) propose that the determination of successful business in long-term is to deliver the value to customers which related to (Marconi, 2000) suggestion that one of the factors which would make customers to remain loyal over brand is customer satisfaction. However, the American Customer Satisfaction Index (figure 3) will be used to explain the model of customer satisfaction. Figure 3 the American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI) Source: (Johnson, Gustafsson, Andreassen, Cha, 2001): â€Å"The evolution and future of national customer satisfaction index models. (theacsi.org, 2001) explained that customer satisfaction occurs from two driven factors which can affect the satisfaction either directly or going through the perceived value factor (quality relative to the expense). From those two driven factors, the first factor is customer expectation, which is the customer’s anticipation of the quality of the products in both prior consumption experience from consumer and the expectation from company’s product quality deliver. In addition, the second factor is perceived quality which determine by the evaluation of the product’s quality from customer toward the organization. However, the figure shows that there is a negative relationship between customer complaint once they disconfirm with the expectation and customer loyalty. This can be explained as the more satisfied from the customers, there is less chance in the resulted of getting complain from the customers. However, (theacsi.org, 2001) suggests that there is a chance of turning unsatisfied customers to loyalty customers after the compensations have been introduced to them. To conclude, in order to gain customer loyalty, the companies have to deliver the value of the products to meet or exceed customers ‘expectation as loyalty customers are more likely to create repurchase activity. The another related support to the important in loyalty of customers provided by (Reichheld.F.F, 1996) in his book, The Loyalty Effect, in which he stated that in order to bring in a new customer to the company is five times more costly than it is to retain an existing customer. Research Design The early discussion was about satisfying the customers who act as a main player of building the successful businesses as they are involve in many organization’s process. Hence, it is clear that the framework of this research paper is to focus on the importance of satisfying customers as it will create the benefit toward the company in term of brand loyalty. (Gobe, 2001) states that, there is several area of supporting customers into customers’ satisfaction such as price-quality-relation. Furthermore, (Keller, 2003) consider brand attitude in brand equity process to be a drive towards loyalty as well. This research design will be classified as causal research to obtain evidence of cause-and-effect relationships (Malhotra, Birks, Wills, 2012). These ideas made the hypothesis of the study as: H1a: There is a relationship between brand image perception and the level of customer satisfaction for BMW R1200 GS/GSA H1a: There is a relationship between quality perception and the level of customer satisfaction for BMW R1200 GS/GSA H1a: There is a relationship between price perception and the level of customer satisfaction for BMW R1200 GS/GSA H2: There is a relationship of BMW R1200 GS/GSA customers toward purchase loyalty The Figure 4 illustrates the study model involving the relationship between brand attitudes towards customer satisfaction in BMW R1200 GS/GSA and customer satisfaction in BMW R1200 GS/GSA towards brand loyalty. Methodology This research has been utilized quantitative in order to gather data under one particular model of BMW motorcycles, which is R1200GS/GSA. The objective of quantitative is to collect customer’s attitude influence factors relate to each participant perceptions. However, this survey method has introduced a set of questionnaire with 25 closed questions. The period of survey collection was between 10th November and 10th December 2012 through online survey technique under the survey site named Wufoo. The format of online survey included structure scales in a range from 1 to 5 and yes or no questions. The questionnaires have been distributed and upload onto BMW Motorrad Parklane Facebook and UKGSer page. The total respondent is 11 people which specific that have to be BMW R1200 GS/GSA riders. The questionnaires have been mainly divided into 6 sections. The first 3 questions were designed to seek for the top three requirements of participants that they consider before purchasing any adventure motorcycles. In the next section, 3 questions were designed to find the competitive advantage factors and the relative of price-to-quality in perspectives’ view. In the third section, 5 questions were used to determine the customers’ judgment toward the product quality. Moreover, there are a set of 5 questions used in search for customer feeling toward BMW R1200 GS/GSA. In addition, the others 5 questions were used to indicate customer resonance and their potential of creating benefit toward the brand. Finally, 5 questions were used to gain demographic information of respondents. Limitations The limitation of time was the major restrictive as the data collection periods is within 1 week. Furthermore, the difficultly of realizing the actual target population as some of respondents may not own the actual motorcycle in BMW R1200GS/GSA. Additionally, there are no female respondents in all of the returned forms. The scope down of the research topic into a specific model of motorcycle created an obstacle to find the right target of respondents. The post on facebook page has bias of gained non-geographic target group information as there are respondents which are not in UK. Moreover, some of the forums and websites are not currently frequently activated making the posts being used ineffectively. Finally, with the limited number of 10 respondents, resulted in low resources are being used in the evaluation. Ethical considerations The purpose of doing this research paper has been announced and posted on every websites and forums before the actual online-survey. There is a statement state clearly in term of confidentiality that respondents’ information is treated with highly confidentiality. In addition, the questions in the questionnaire under the demographic section have provided an alternative of ‘prefer not to answer’ option to allow the refusing of answering for respondents as they may have an uncomfortable condition. The collected data and information will be used in an education area only; there is no hidden purpose in either businesses or individual organization. Findings The process of gathering data took 4 weeks and there are 72 perspectives viewed of the survey in total. However, there are only 11 entries out of 72 viewed which can be transfer into 15.3% as the conversion rate. The average time per respondent to finish the survey is 3.16 minutes each. However, there is 1 out of 11 responded that is a fault data due to the location of the respondent is outside UK. In the first section, 50% of total responded consider exterior design to be considered the most when they buy an adventure motorcycle, while seat comfort is their second consideration with 40% of total. In addition, they consider bag and storage to be the third choice with 40% of the total. In the next section, 60% of total respondents have agreed that BMW R1200 GS/GSA is worth its price. In addition, 90% of them perceived that this model is more superior to other brands within the same price category. Moreover, the data explained that 70% of respondents perceived the superior fact as this model is the best in handling, while another 30% expressed the fact as the endure motorcycle. The third section is finding of the customers’ judgment toward the product quality with the full score of 5 marks. The best perceived value in quality of the model is safe follow by status symbol, quality product, trustworthy, and lowest is high performance product with the scores of 4.5, 4.2, 4.1, 3.9, and 3.6 points respectively. The data shows the customers’ feeling toward BMW R1200 GS/GSA in the fourth section. It is freedom that customer feel the most with 4.2 while fun is their second perceived with the score of 4 out of 5. The respondents share the third feeling that come in to their mind of excitement and self-respect with 3.9 point, while social approval is the last place in their feeling of 3.8 point. In the Fourth section, the data is used to analyze the customers’ resonance toward the model. However, out of 5, respondents show 4.1 point as they are happy with the model the most, while the fact that they satisfied and willing to refer the model to others share the same scores of 4 point each. Lastly, perspective expressed their love to BMW R1200 GS/GSA only 3.7 point. Finally, the data from the survey shows that all of 10 entries were male which translated into 100%. The average group is between 46-55 years old with the percentage of 80 out of total. Moreover, 50% of the total earns their income more than  £50,001 yearly while 40% of them earn the average between  £25,001-  £50,000 yearly. Moreover, 70% of respondents married and which left remaining 30% of them as single. Finally, the education fact shows that 50% of the total respondents graduated their highest education in high school while other 40% and 10% are undergraduates and master level respectively. Conclusion According to the study, exterior design consider to be the most important to customers when they buy as it’s related to social approval most customers agree that BMW R1200 GS/GSA give them that feeling. However, BMW is considering this factor as one of the main development processes make the company continuously improve a better look in designing along with new technologies attached to their bikes. Moreover, the seat comfort and storage is considered to be significant to all adventure riders. Due to a long distance in riding their motorbikes, they require a suitable seat to support their physical body and space to storage their goods. Results also show that BMW R1200 GS/GSA has the competitive advantage over the rival in the same category as customers perceived that the model has the best balance in control. On the other hand, only 60% of customers perceived this model is worth a premium price due to the less agreement that this model is a high performance product. However, customers still satisfied with the product even though, the customers have standard perceived that this motorcycle model is worth to spend money on. Therefore, it can be analyzed that there is less relationship between price and satisfaction. The relationship between product quality and satisfaction can be interpreted as there is a positive relationship between these two factors. The research shows that customers are highly consider BMW R1200 GS/GSA as a safe motorcycle and high quality product. The company has captured the most important need in every rider which is safety, and delivers the value to them clearly which resulted in gaining the satisfactions from value deliver. However, by looking at specifically to individuals that has less satisfaction, it is only the fact that BMW R1200 GS/GSA is not high performance enough for them. In term of brand image, the customers is highly involved with status symbol as the high score of 4.2 point can determine that the company has created brand association and meaning towards customers. Moreover, the company has well delivered the feeling of freedom in this product make a fulfillment in the want of adventure travelers. Therefore, brand image has positive relationship toward satisfaction. Finally, with the high number in people who are happy and satisfied with BMW R1200 GS/GSA related to their willingness to refer this motorcycle model to others. This is can be explained that there is a positive relationship between satisfaction and customers loyalty as loyalty customers would most likely to be influencers in bringing new customers to purchase the product. References Aaker, D (1991). Managing Brand Equity: Capitalizing on the Value of a Brand Name, Free Press, New York, NY Aggarwal, P. (2004). The Effects of Brand Relationship Norms on Comsumer Attitudes and Behaviour. Journal of consumer research, June Court, D., Freeling, A., Leiter, M., Parsons, J. A. (1996). Mckinsey Quarterly: Uncovering the value of brands. Retrieved from http://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/Uncovering_the_value_of_brands_201 Erdem, Tulin, and Swait, Joffre. (2004). Brand Credibility, Brand Consideration and Choices. Journal of consumer research,June Gobe, M. (2001). Emotional Branding. New York, NY: Allworth Press. Keller, K. (2003). Buliding, Measuring, and Managing Brand Equity. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Kiley, D. (2004). Driven: Inside BMW, the most admired car company in the world. Malhotra, K. N., Birks, F. D., Wills, P. (2012). Marketing Research (4th ed.): An Applied Approach. The Motor Cycle Industry Association (2011). Motorcycle Registration Statistics. Press statistic. Retrieved from http://www.mcia.co.uk/Press-and-Statistics/NewReg_Statistics.aspx We iler, M. (2004). BMW : Exploring Customer Attitudes.

Fusion of Real and Unreal Realms

Magic realism – fusion of real and unreal realms. A comparison of F. Weldon's â€Å"Puffball† and J. Winterson's â€Å"The Passion† â€Å"My most important problem was destroying the lines of demarcation that separates what seems real from what seems fantastic† – Gabriel Garcia Marquez At the beginning, let me introduce the term: â€Å"magic realism†. As we can read in N. Lindstrom's book â€Å"Twentieth-Century Spanish American Literature (University of Texas Press: Austin. 1994): â€Å"Magic Realism is a narrative technique that blurs the distinction between fantasy and reality.It is characterized by an equal acceptance of the ordinary and the extraordinary. Magic realism fuses (1) lyrical and, at times, fantastic writing with (2) an examination of the character of human existence and (3) an implicit criticism of society, particularly the elite. † I would like to make a comparison of two excellent novels: F. Weldon's â€Å"Puffball † and J. Winterson's â€Å"The Passion† based on the definition. First of all, I would like to present an interesting relation between these two titles, that is to say, an appearance of two opposite groups of characters in each of the novels: a factual and a surreal type of a personage.Fay Weldon in â€Å"Puffball† portrays this relationship in a surprising way: a factual type is a man, and surreal type is a woman. Let me introduce you to Richard and Tucker, the first one is a husband to Liffey, a city oriented, down to earth person, working in a big corporation. The second one, who is married to Mabs, in spite of being aware of his wife strange powers, is a simple farmer. In opposite, we have females: Liffey, a girl whose process of changing into a women (what I mean here is her being pregnant) is a beginning of her new, closer to Nature life which enables her to gain new abilities.Next, we have Mabs, a regular country-side witch, daughter of Nature, who tries t o stop a birth of something new and unexpected – a new sorcerers and her baby . In the book, these women are a connection between a world of unknown and fictitious happenings and reality. They are like remainders of Nature's true power. By contrast, the men (especially Richard) symbolise lust and earthly pleasures, warning us that forgetting about our Ancient Mother may complicate our lives. Also, in Jeanette Winterson's novel we have this relationship (real versus unreal heroes).Henri, a perfectly normal, young man, who however later encounters different surreal situation, follows the Emperor because of his love and respect for him. Domino, who likewise belongs to the first group of characters, is a ordinary stableman, who takes care of Napoleon's stable, loves horses and Bonaparte's mistress – Josephine. On the contrary, we have a mysterious girl without a heart, Villanell, who comes from a city as mysterious as she is – Venice. She tries to return to her home land of wonders to finally start leaving a â€Å"real† life.Likewise Patrick, an Irish priest, who possesses an extraordinary eye, which enables him to see beyond the horizon and who is banished from his motherland. While being a Napoleon's solder he misses his home. Here, we can observe a quest for love. Henri and Domino have something that Villanelle and Patrick do not have – a hope, while the last two are left with a voice of reason which shows that sometimes love is not enough. Next I would like to head to issues concerning a choice of places in these novels. In â€Å"The Puffball† we have an opposition of London (city) and Somerset (country side).It is the countryside, where all amazing situations which cannot be explained happen. Maybe it is caused by the fact that it is located in a shadow of a mountain which is believed to be mystic – Glastonbury Tor. On the contrary, London is a down to earth place, people live their lives and do not think about something different than related to this reality. From the ancient times, countryside was identified with witchcraft and magic, there were legends about forests which surrounded villages, about eerie things occurring at nights. People felt living in a countryside was unsafe.Instead, city was like a safe zone, where you might have been anonymous however you were never alone. A city was a place where everything was reasonable, explainable, and most of all it was safe – you had not to worry about something unrealistic. Russia in â€Å"The Passion† provides us with a harsh reality of war: we are witnessing death, cold, fear. We are being led through this country of suffer by Henri, Patrick and Villanelle. It is like an escape route to a better, fairy-tale like world – Venice. In Venice, we can observe a new interesting way of presenting unreality: a city within a city.The underworld of Venice, the kingdom of mysterious, but dangerous people, where nothing is sure an d known (even laws of physics), where you cannot be sure if you are going in a right direction. Venice is like a maze, here you can hide yourself and your feelings. Every night the city starts to bloom – it is a city of sin and fun. On the other hand, Russia is a sad and cold place, where is only an empty space of white. At the steppe you cannot deceive yourself, run or hide because there is merely snow. I would like to devote the last section to events of these two novels.In Fey Weldon's book Richard leads a normal, middle class life in the city of no hope or glory. He is working at the city, trying to overcome his desires, and eventually to avoid responsibility for what he had done. His relationship with Liffey shows his lack of imagination, his numerous romances and constant unfaithfulness to his pregnant wife makes him miserable man. For instance, his affairs with Bella, Miss Martin and Helga – it is ridiculous how these affairs start to rule his life. On the other hand, we have Liffey and her efforts to reborn to Nature.She constantly tries to defy Mabs black-magic, and thanks to her unborn baby she awakens to the world of Nature and witchcraft. The opposite of incidents from Richard's life and unusual happenings which for Liffy becomes a daily bread, shows us how sometimes ignorance shut our eyes to a reality of an another person – Richard denies that Liffey's life is also real and that she did not make up all the extraordinary happenings. In â€Å"The Passion† we are presented to the life of Henri's village. It is a daily life of normal farmers, where an only surreal and extraordinary event was an elope of a lady (Henri's mother) with a farmer (the father).Whereas Villanelle's world is different, it is a world where you can steal someone's hart (literally) and lock it up in a jar, where a icicle with a pendant inside does not melt. Here, you have to prepare for unknown. An ordinary, countryside life and an exotic Venice life are like a water and fire. Sometimes, we fails to observe that simple is better and that not always we should seek for an excitement. As we can see, in both novels we have prominent elements of magic realism. The opposition real versus unreal can be made in each of the group of instances mentioned above, which are in sequence: characters, places and happenings.Also, I would like to point out that in â€Å"Puffball† a witchcraft is a main theme for the surreal parts, while, in â€Å"The Passion† an urban legend performs this function. A fusion of two world is inevitable, we cannot argue that the unreal elements should not be used and we cannot separate them from the real ones, because these stories would not be as complete and enchanting as they are now. At the end, to recapitulate my thesis, I would like to quote Albert Einstein: â€Å"Reality is merely an illusion, albeit a very persistent one. †

Green Anaconda essays

Green Anaconda essays The Green Anaconda is considered to be the biggest snake in the world but this is not the longest. Physically, it is dark green with black elliptical patches and the length is 9 meters. It can weigh a hefty 250 kg and have a girth of more than 12 inches in diameter (Szdocent, 2006). Anaconda can eat an elephant because their jaw can expand. Scientific Classification taken from Busch Entertainment Corporation (2006): Common Name: green anaconda, common anaconda, water boa Genus Species: Eunectes (good swimmer) murinus (mouse colored) Green Anacondas live in water most of the time; they are good swimmers and can travel in fast motion. But they cannot move fast in the land since they are big enough to carry themselves. The head of the anaconda usually lies on the surface of the water while the body is underwater but they can submerge the whole body for a maximum of 10 minutes to catch big fish to nourish themselves and in the surface they catch birds that at the same time try to capture a fish. Anaconda eats anything as long as it is edible for them; they are also believed to be cannibalistic since they eat their own species. People are not on the menu, but caimans (similar to alligators), capybaras (100-pound South American rodents) and deer are (Shedd, 2006). They have very sharp teeth and always lying without moving until they see a victim that they move quickly, grab them and bring them under water to eat. According to Szdocent (2006): Anacondas are constrictors. The snake squeezes tighter each time its prey breathes out, so the prey cannot breathe in again. This goes on until the prey dies of suffocation. Anacondas swallow their prey whole, starting with the head. This is so the legs fold up and the prey goes down smoothly. Anacondas can swallow prey much bigger than the size of its mouth since its jaw can unhinge and the ...

Assault Or Discipline

Attack or Penalty When explaining the physical quarrel between two adults, the term is attacked and beaten. Attacks on individuals not only have a direct influence, but in severe cases their impact lasts for a lifetime. In any of the 50 states, people over the age of 18 are intentionally attacked, strikes and corporal punishment are criminal proceedings. However, the law does not apply to the physical forces used by minors. Spanking, whip, paddling are general references to this form of punishment. Using physical violence and self-esteem, Pearson's relevance is in the use of strict discipline and parenting practices, the use of strict discipline and the use of father's physical assault, and the use of strict discipline and pride. Table 1 shows the correlation between strict discipline and parenting style. Table 2 shows the correlation between strict discipline and self-esteem, and the correlation between strict discipline and the use of physical attacks. Discipline style of parents: Study on the influence of university youth development Attack or Penalty When explaining the physical quarrel between two adults, the term is attacked and beaten. Attacks on individuals not only have a direct influence, but in severe cases their impact lasts for a lifetime. In any of the 50 states, people over the age of 18 are intentionally attacked, strikes and corporal punishment are criminal proceedings. However, the law does not apply to the physical forces used by minors. Spanking, whip, paddling are some general references. Fines for criminal attacks are fine, imprisonment, or both. Punishment becomes more serious as attacks become more intense. Many states have enacted rules to classify criminal acts into various degrees. As with serious attacks, the severity of the crime, the degree of violence and injury, and the criminal intent of the defendant are the factors determining the judgment. 1) v. As long as the target knows the danger, regardless of whether it succeeds or not, it attempts to threaten or attack others. Attackers must be able to attack reasonably. In some states, if the attack is to use a fatal weapon (like a rifle and a rifle), the intended victim need not know the danger. In other state laws, different degrees of attack (first or second) are distinguished, depending on whether actual blows, injuries, or just threats exist.

Student loan vs bank loan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Student loan vs bank loan - Research Paper Example A majority of students applies for federal loans. However, there has been an increase in the number of students applying for bank student loans. The federal government determines the fixed interest rates of the federal student loans, while the lender determines bank student loan rates. The lender determines the fee to be charged on the principal amount, and this is based on the credit worthiness. Students who are apply for Stafford and Perkins loans to require credit worthiness but those applying for the PLUS loan require no previous adverse credit. Considering the pros and cons of each option, it becomes challenging to decide whether students should apply for the federal student loans or the bank student loans. There have been price wars about the federal loans and bank loans for students as reported in the media in recent times (Andriotis 1). One may argue that the bank loans for students are actually cheaper than those being offered by the federal government. A few years back students preferred to have loans from the federal government because the rates were subsidized. This means that in the case of a rise in the interest of the federal loan, the students’ rates were not affected. The students were allowed to pay the amount that was agreed. Many students preferred federal student loans because they are easy to qualify for compared to banks (Clark 1). The bar set for by the federal government understands the need of students to have the money to pay for education. Banks on the other hand need assurance they will get their money back. This means that to access money from a bank the qualifications are quite high. The credit history of the student should be clean. The students should also have a repayment ability convincing enough to the bank before accessing a bank loan. This means the students should have a source of income, which is highly unlikely in most cases. The bank will require financial information on

St. Francis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

St. Francis - Essay Example It would be my attempt in this paper to understand the reason the stigmata is described by Bonaventure as a mark of a special holiness on St. Francis, and if it was indeed special, the reason why the saint tried his best to keep it a secret during his lifetime. Bonaventure was attempting to establish St. Francis as a man " venerable and worthy of imitation",( P 182) and hailing the stigmata as the ultimate justification for worshipping the saint. As he says in the Prologue itself:"... But even more is this confirmed/ with the irrefutable testimony of truth/by the seal of likeness of the living God,/namely of Christ crucified,/which was imprinted upon his body/not by natural forces or by human skill/but by the wondrous power/of the Spirit of the living God."( P 182).But perhaps his motives as a theologian for setting up St. Francis as an exemplary saint were not unmixed with the politics of the Franciscan Order, and the immediate needs for the survival of the Order itself. Issues of this nature can only be resolved by studying Bonaventure's general outline of St. Francis's life and his character traits and aspirations. We would need to investigate what made St. Francis who he was, what he considered the purpose of his life and the reasons why St. Francis was considered holy even before he received the stigmata. We would also do well to perhaps look into who Bonaventure was, the historical context in which he wrote the text, why he undertook its writing, the state of the Franciscan Order during that period. Moroever, since the text is a biography we need to qualify the distance from St Francis's actual lifetime it was written. It would also be important to know what other accounts, if any, of St.Francis's life were available at the time, because no text can be completely understood without a discussion on the background from which it emerged. And to grasp the special significance of the stigmata and the saint's efforts at concealment of this phenomenon it is important to understand the text in its entirety. Even in the very beginning when Bonaventure describes St. Francis in the first chapter "On Saint Francis's Manner of Life while in Secular Attire" Bonaventure remarks upon the good nature of the saint-to-be, emphasizing his suitability for receiving the sacred stigmata: "His gentleness, his refined manners, his patience, his superhuman affability, his generosity beyond his means, marked him as a young man of flourishing natural disposition. This seemed to be a prelude to the even greater abundance of God's blessings that would be showered on him in the future".( P 186). But it is in receiving the vision of Jesus Christ on the cross as described by Bonaventure in poetic detail that marks the lifelong passion of St. Francis to imitate the life of Christ; to worship him through imitation by undertaking pain, trials and tribulations. It is significant here that Jesus Christ does not appear to the holy man in His beautiful resurrected form, but in the painful impalement on the cross, somewhat foretelling the Seraphic vision that accompanies the stigmata. This terrible aspect of Christ's voluntary suffering aroused the youthful Francis's empathy and sustained it through the rest of the years of his life: After long and urgent prayer, he merited to be heard by the Lord. One day while he was praying

Protein Estimation by Bradford's Method Lab Report

Protein Estimation by Bradford's Method - Lab Report Example This paper applies the Bradford’s method to investigate the relationship between protein concentration and absorbance rate. The study is based on established assumption that observed rate of absorption is proportional to protein concentration and developed relationship between known concentrations and observed absorbance rates can be used to determine unknown concentrations, given their absorbance rates. The study’s data identifies a deviation from the proposed proportionality between concentration and absorbance rates. Significance of this inconsistency is ascertained by analysis of variance that adopts the null hypothesis for lack of significant relationship between concentration and absorbance rates. This is because of the high probability value, 0.056 percent. Application of the proposed regression model confirms the inconsistency by yielding a negative concentration. The paper therefore concludes that the inconsistency with established literature is because of inac curate experimental results. Protein estimation by Bradford’s method Introduction Proteins are essential components of cells and organs, a factor that forms the basis of their significance in the body as well as the need for their intake in nutrients to meet required levels for a healthy body. Nutritional needs institute the importance of developed knowledge of required protein intake levels, and determination recommended quantities of food supplies that can meet such required levels. Existence of protein in definite concentrations in body fluids also identifies the significance of studying protein concentration in the body, which can be used to determine normalcy or existence diseases to alter equilibrium protein concentrations (Chem, p. 105). There are a number of techniques, such as the Bradford method, which can be used to determine protein concentrations in compounds. The method applies spectroscopy to relate known concentrations to their corresponding absorbance rate. T his is because of a linear relationship between concentration of protein in a solution and the ability of that solution to absorb dye (Maud and Foster, p. 164). Visibility of the absorbed dye, which is proportional to the dye’s concentration in the solution, is therefore used to establish a relationship between absorbance readings from the spectroscopy and protein concentration (Ruf, p. 1). The Bradford’s method further assumes that protein concentration is the only determinant of the dye’s absorbance. This means that for any given environmental conditions, similar protein concentrations yield similar absorbance rates (Thermo, p. 1). A linear regression model can therefore be developed and used to determine unknown concentrations, given their corresponding absorption alues. The regression model determines existence of a significant relationship between the known concentrations and the absorbance rates for predictions, and regression coefficient (Ross, p. 131- 13 4). This study was performed to ascertain existence of a relationship between known protein concentrations and their corresponding absorbance rates. The study aimed at using the established relationship to determine unknown protein concentration, based on its absorbance rate. In order to achieve its objective, the study explored the question, ‘is there a significant relationship between protein concentration and absorbance?’ The study investigated the following set of hypotheses for the research question. H0: There is no significant

Structure of DNA: An Overview

Structure of DNA: An Overview The structure of DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA is generally found in all organisms as well as humans. DNA is an inherited material that every person has, and is set up in both the cell nucleus and the mitochondria. A higher percentage of human DNA comprise of nuclear DNA because it is found in the nucleus. (Berger, 1998). DNA comprises of numerous properties, the most significant being; that it can copy itself. In the occurrence of this process, the twofold helix strands of DNA are employed as a model for replicating the base sequences. (Watson, 2011). This is an important process in the event of cell division due to the vital requirement for each new cell to carry an accurate DNA copy found in the mature cell. Adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U) are major five chemical bases that accumulate DNA’s coded information (Watson Crick, 2003). There are over three billion of such chemicals. More than 99% of these bases have been proved to be reliable in all humans (Buch ini Leumann, 2003). As a result of the complexity and association of the entire DNA structure, an in-depth look of each part; DNA is the genetic information of nearly all living organisms. It can be copied over age brackets of cells; it can be converted into proteins; and can be mended when required. DNA is a polymer, composed of nucleotides (Watson Crick, 2003) Hydrogen bonds: bases pairing The (hydrophobic) bases are piled on the in the interior, their level surface are vertical to the axis of the double helix (Berger, 1998). The exterior (phosphate and sugar) is hydrophilic. Hydrogen limits between the bases of one strand and that of the other strand grip the two strands together (dashed lines in the drawing). A purine on one strand links to a pyrimidine on the other strand. Consequently, the number of purines deposits matches the number of pyrimidine deposits (Watson, 2011). A binds T (with 2 hydrogen bounds), while G binds C (with 3 hydrogen bounds: more stable link: 5.5 kcal vs 3.5 kcal) (Rà ¤dler Safinya, 1997). Thus, the substance in A in the DNA is equal to the one in T, and the substance in G equals the one in C. The complement of the 2 strands is as a result of this (AT and GC) correspondence. One serves as a template of the other, and vice versa. This feature allows exact replication (â€Å"semi-conservative replication: one strand -the template- is conserved, another is newly synthesized, same with the second strand, conserved, allowing another one to be newly synthesized†) (Buchini Leumann, 2003). The model of Watson and Crick above described sometimes differs from the Hydrogen bounds in base pairing from using the N7 atom of the purine instead of the N1 (Hoogsteen model). Figure 1 Major groove and minor groove The double helix is a rather inflexible and thick molecule of a huge extent and a small diameter. It presents both major groove and a minor groove (Patil, Rhodes Burgess, 2004). The major groove is profound and broad; the minor groove is thin and shallow. DNA-protein connections are essential procedures in the life of the cell life. Proteins connect at the ground of the DNA grooves, using a precise binding: hydrogen bounds, and distracted binding: van der Waals exchanges. Proteins recognize H-bond donors, H-bond acceptors, methyl groups (hydrophobic), which are later in the major groove (Rà ¤dler Safinya, 1997). The major groove involves 4 likely patterns of recognition, and 2 with the minor groove. A few proteins bind DNA in its major groove, some other in the minor groove, and some need to bind to both. The minor groove of double helical B-DNA is a sector of great attention for rising new drugs because of its non-covalence high succession specific connections for a huge number of tiny molecules (Berger, 1998). Minor groove binding lies among the broadly studied class of agents exemplified by, an advanced succession specificity and possessing diverse biological actions. A number of them display antiviral, antibacterial, and antiprotozoal properties. However, others have shown antitumor activity. Figure 2 H-DNA or triplex DNA Inverted repeats (palindromes) of polypurine/polypyrimidine DNA stretches can structure triplex structures (triple helix) (Watson Crick, 2003). A triple-stranded together with a single stranded DNA are formed. H-DNA may have a function in practical regulation of gene appearance as well as on RNAs (e.g. repression of transcription). Figure 3 Triplex Forming Nucleotides Triplex forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) have attained significant focus as a possible therapeutic agent to aim gene expression (Patil, Rhodes Burgess, 2004). They are a group of DNA oligonucleotides which are capable of fusing with other main groove of the duplex DNA creating triple helix (Buchini Leumann, 2003). The creation of a triplex beside the main groove leads to competition with the fusing of transcription factors and the proteins essential for transcription. TFOs provide specificity sequence and hence can be used to aim and inhibit appearance of specific genes which are associated with a particular disease state. In addition TFOs can also be used as diagnostic agents for identification of a foreign DNA (viral or bacterial) or any diseases associated to mutations. Binding of Triplex Forming Oligonucleotides TFOs, in the span of approximately 20 bases, can bind in the major groove via Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds to the purine (A and G) bases on the double stranded DNA, already in the structure of the Watson-Crick helix. The binding can take place at the extent of pyrimidines of one DNA strand and the opposite purines on the other. TFOs bind to the strand with purines. Respective of their base composure, TFOs can bind to the double helix in either parallel or antiparallel direction to the purine-bearing strand (Buchini Leumann, 2003). TFOs made of pyrimidines (C and T) bind to the purine-rich strand of the objective double helix via Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds in a parallel manner. TFOs comprised of purines (A and G), or mixed purine and pyrimidine (G and T) bind to the same purine-rich strand through reverse Hoogsteen bonds in an anti-parallel style (Rà ¤dler Safinya, 1997). Oligonucleotides with modified structural features Oligonucleotides hauling other compound moieties besides the normal bases are called â€Å"modified oligonucleotides†. The modifications can be situated at the 3’- or 5’-end of the oligonucleotide, or within the sugar-phosphate stamina or at the nucleobases. Mainly all PCR applications are still potential if the modification is close to the 5’- end of the oligonucleotide. Contrary, modifications at the 3’- end typically wedge this end for extra enzymatic response. In order to achieve an absolute blocking, an inverted end or C3-Spacer modification is recommended (Patil, Rhodes Burgess, 2004). Chemically synthesized oligonucleotides bear free hydroxy (OH) collection at their relevant 3’- and 5’- ends (Berger, 1998). Besides, some biological tests need the presence of the natural structure of an oligonucleotide. This modification requires being ordered explicitly (Rà ¤dler Safinya, 1997). Structure and Limitations DNA triple helices figure in a sequence-specific way on polypurine:polypyrimidine tracts (1–3), which are extensive in mammalian genomes (4–6). The third thread recline in the major groove of an integral duplex and is calmed by two Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds between third strand bases and the purines in the duplex (3, 7) (Buchini Leumann, 2003). The third strand may comprise of pyrimidines, or purines, respective of the character of the target succession. In the pyrimidine (or Y.R:Y) motif, a homopyrimidine oligonucleotide binds in a trend parallel to the purine strand in the duplex, with canonical base triplets of T.A:T and C.G:C. In the alternate purine motif (R.R:Y), a homopurine strand binds antiparallel to the purine strand, with base triplets of A.A:T and G.G:C (8, 9) (Buchini Leumann, 2003). The development of TFOs could involve sequence-specific gene targeting reagents in live cells (12–17) (Berger, 1998). Despite this, several obstacles still need to be overcome. Triplex chemistry and biochemistry inflict essential limitations to TFO action in the nuclear setting, and target choices are inadequate to polypurine:polypyrimidine sequences (Watson, 2011). Additionally, it is evident that nucleosomes can inhibit triplex formation (18–20). As a result, ease of access to genomic targets is an important issue. Potential applications of TFOs-gene targeting Potential applications of TFOs embrace gene targeting treatment particularly for cancer and the study of gene expressions. TFOs can hush a gene record by aiming the dictation initiation sites, (i.e., the promoter region), or by targeting recording of elongation by striking at the triplex binding sites. Specifity of sequence is the answer to efficient genetic targeting. With the use of specificity, genes that are targeted can be changed in many ways. Gene therapy agents change into loose cannons inside the cells without it. Triplex forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) fuse into main groove of the duplex DNA with high affinity and specificity (Watson, 2011). Due to these properties, TFOs have been thought as host devices for the genetic manipulation. Recent researches have shown that TFOs have the ability to mediate targeted gene success in mice, establishing the basis for the possible application of those molecules in a human being’s gene therapy. Molecules that fuse with the DNA double helix might interfere with gene appearance and, to add to the potential therapeutic applications, it can be useful for the research of DNA processing, package of chromatin, or related biological processes. The Triplex-forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) fuse with specific sequences in DNA double helix through hydrogen bonding interactions. The TFOs have been revealed to down-regulate the expression of the gene, to induce aimed genomic DNA modifications, so as to fasten DNA combination, and also to regulate chromatin organization. In addition to this, they can be used as transporting agents to place DNA-modifying agents into selected sequences (Patil, Rhodes Burgess, 2004). Something important regarding TFO technologies are the creation of fresh oligonucleotide analogues which have improved fusing affinity, sufficient stability and better target selectivity, in intracellular environment. References Watson, J. D, Crick, F. H, 2003, The structure of DNA. In Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, Vol. 18, pp. 123-131, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Berger, J. M. (1998). Structure of DNA topoisomerases. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta  (BBA)-Gene Structure and Expression, 1400(1), 3-18. Rà ¤dler, J. Safinya, C. R., 1997, Structure of DNA-cationic liposome complexes: DNA  Intercalation in Multilamellar Membranes in Distinct Interhelical Packing Regimes, Science, 275(5301), 810-814. Watson, J. D, 2011, The double helix: A personal account of the discovery of the structure of DNA, Simon and Schuster. Buchini, S., Leumann, C. J, 2003, Recent improvements in antigene technology, Current opinion in chemical biology, 7(6), 717-726. Patil, S. D., Rhodes, D. G., Burgess, D. J, 2004, Anionic liposomal delivery system for DNA transfection, The AAPS journal, 6(4), 13-22.